Clinical Evaluation of Chronic Hepatitis C and Indications for HCV Treatment
Keywords:
hepatitis C screening, liver biopsy, IL-28B genotypeAbstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis in the United States. If untreated, HCV can lead to death from complications of liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma, making screening imperative in high-risk patients. Established risk factors for HCV infection include injection drug use, receipt of blood transfusion or organ transplantation prior to 1992, and hemodialysis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that those born between 1945-1965 are additionally at high risk for HCV acquisition and should undergo one time screening. Once diagnosed, consideration for treatment should be based on patient motivation, concurrent medical co-morbidities, degree of liver injury, and risk of progression to cirrhosis. Therapy may also be indicated in patients with extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV.References
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6013-6020.
Matsuo K, Kusano A, Sugumar A, Nakamura S, Tajima K, Mueller NE. Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(9):745-752.
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Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(10):705-714.
Kim WR. The burden of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S30-S34.
Backus LI, Belperio PS, Loomis TP, et al. Hepatitis C virus screening and prevalence among US veterans in Department of Veterans Affairs care. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(16):1549-1552.
Leigh JP, Bowlus CL, Leistikow BN, et al. Costs of hepatitis C. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2231-2237.
Davis KL, Mitra D, Medjedovic J, et al. Direct economic burden of chronic hepatitis C virus in a United States managed care population. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(2):e17-24.
Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Natural history of hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis. 2005;9(3):383-998.
Alter MJ, Seeff LB, Bacon BR, et al. Testing for hepatitis C virus infection should be routine for persons at increased risk for infection. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(9):715-717.
Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, et al. The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections. The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(26):1685-1690.
Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47(1):1-39.
Mast EE, Hwang LY, Seto DS, et al. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(11):1880-1889.
Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA, et al. Hepatitis C virus testing of persons born during 1945-1965: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(11):817-822.
Chou R, Clark EC, Helfand M, et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(6):465-479.
Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, et al. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49(4):1335-1374.
Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature. 2009;461(7262):399-401.
Backus LI, Boothroyd DB, Phillips BR, et al. A sustained virologic response reduces risk of all-cause mortality in patients with hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(6):509 –516.e1.
Morgan TR, Ghany MG, Kim HY, et al. Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2010;52(3):833–844.
Seeff LB. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36 (5 Suppl 1):S35-S46.
Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30(4):
1054-1058.
Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis pro-gression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, META-VIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet. 1997;349(9055):825-832.
Harris DR, Gonin R, Alter HJ, et al. The relationship of acute transfusion-associated hepatitis to the development of cirrhosis in the presence of alcohol abuse. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(2):120-124.
Powell EE, Jonsson JR, Clouston AD. Steatosis: co-factor in other liver diseases. Hepatology. 2005;42(1):5-13.
Rockey DC, Bissell DM. Noninvasive measures of liver fibrosis. Hepatology. 2006;43(2 Suppl 1):S113-S120.
Shaheen AA, Wan AF, Myers RP. FibroTest and FibroScan for the prediction of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2589-2600.
Pérez-Álvarez R, García-Samaniego J, Solá R, et al. Acute hepatitis C in Spain: a retrospective study of 131 cases. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2012;104(1):21-28.
Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(1):80.
Corey KE, Mendez-Navarro J, Gorospe EC, Zheng H, Chung RT. Early treatment improves outcomes in acute hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17(3):201-207.
Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotrans-ferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(1):1-10.
Jacobson IM, Cacoub P, Dal Maso L, Harrison SA, Younossi ZM Manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection beyond the liver. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(12):1017-1029.
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.026.
Ramos-Casals M, Stone JH, Cid MC, Bosch X. The cryoglobulinaemias. Lancet. 2012;379(9813):348-360.
Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(21):1490-1495.
Sansonno D, Tucci FA, Ghebrehiwet B, et al. Role of the receptor for the globular domain of C1q protein in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulin vascular damage. J Immunol. 2009;183(9):
6013-6020.
Matsuo K, Kusano A, Sugumar A, Nakamura S, Tajima K, Mueller NE. Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(9):745-752.
Hartridge-Lambert SK, Stein EM, Markowitz AJ, Portlock CS. Hepatitis C and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Clinical Perspective. Hepatology. 2012;55(2):634-641.
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Published
2014-07-31
How to Cite
Sundaram, V., & Tran, T. T. (2014). Clinical Evaluation of Chronic Hepatitis C and Indications for HCV Treatment. North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 7(1). Retrieved from https://www.najms.com/index.php/najms/article/view/135
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Review